SNVS896B August   2013  – November 2014 LM27403

PRODUCTION DATA.  

  1. Features
  2. Applications
  3. Description
  4. Revision History
  5. Description (Continued)
  6. Pin Configuration and Functions
  7. Specifications
    1. 7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
    2. 7.2 Handling Ratings
    3. 7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions
    4. 7.4 Thermal Information
    5. 7.5 Electrical Characteristics
    6. 7.6 Typical Characteristics
  8. Detailed Description
    1. 8.1 Overview
    2. 8.2 Functional Block Diagram
    3. 8.3 Feature Description
      1. 8.3.1  Input Range: VIN
      2. 8.3.2  Output Voltage: FB Voltage and Accuracy
      3. 8.3.3  Input and Bias Rail Voltages: VIN and VDD
      4. 8.3.4  Precision Enable: UVLO/EN
      5. 8.3.5  Switching Frequency
        1. 8.3.5.1 Frequency Adjust: FADJ
        2. 8.3.5.2 Clock Synchronization: SYNC
      6. 8.3.6  Temperature Sensing: D+ and D-
      7. 8.3.7  Thermal Shutdown: OTP
      8. 8.3.8  Inductor-DCR-Based Overcurrent Protection
      9. 8.3.9  Current Sensing: CS+ and CS-
      10. 8.3.10 Current Limit Handling
      11. 8.3.11 Soft-Start: SS/TRACK
        1. 8.3.11.1 Tracking
      12. 8.3.12 Monotonic Startup
      13. 8.3.13 Prebias Startup
      14. 8.3.14 Voltage-Mode Control
      15. 8.3.15 Output Voltage Remote Sense: RS
      16. 8.3.16 Power Good: PGOOD
      17. 8.3.17 Gate Drivers: LG and HG
      18. 8.3.18 Sink and Source Capability
    4. 8.4 Device Functional Modes
      1. 8.4.1 Fault Conditions
        1. 8.4.1.1 Thermal Shutdown
        2. 8.4.1.2 Current Limit and Short Circuit Operation (Positive Overcurrent)
        3. 8.4.1.3 Negative Current Limit
        4. 8.4.1.4 Undervoltage Threshold (UVT)
        5. 8.4.1.5 Overvoltage Threshold (OVT)
  9. Application and Implementation
    1. 9.1 Application Information
      1. 9.1.1 Design and Implementation
      2. 9.1.2 Power Train Components
        1. 9.1.2.1 Filter Inductor
        2. 9.1.2.2 Output Capacitors
        3. 9.1.2.3 Input Capacitors
        4. 9.1.2.4 Power MOSFETs
      3. 9.1.3 Control Loop Compensation
    2. 9.2 Typical Applications
      1. 9.2.1 Design 1 - High-Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator for Telecom Power
        1. 9.2.1.1 Design Requirements
        2. 9.2.1.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        3. 9.2.1.3 Application Curves
      2. 9.2.2 Design 2 - Powering FPGAs Using Flexible 30A Regulator With Small Footprint
        1. 9.2.2.1 Design Requirements
        2. 9.2.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        3. 9.2.2.3 Application Curves
      3. 9.2.3 Design 3 - Powering Multicore DSPs
      4. 9.2.4 Design 4 - Regulated 12-V Rail with LDO Low-Noise Auxiliary Output for RF Power
      5. 9.2.5 Design 5 - High Power Density Implementation From 3.3-V or 5-V Supply Rail
  10. 10Power Supply Recommendations
  11. 11Layout
    1. 11.1 Layout Guidelines
      1. 11.1.1 Power Stage Layout
      2. 11.1.2 Gate Drive Layout
      3. 11.1.3 Controller Layout
      4. 11.1.4 Thermal Design and Layout
    2. 11.2 Layout Example
  12. 12Device and Documentation Support
    1. 12.1 Device Support
      1. 12.1.1 Development Support
      2. 12.1.2 Third-Party Products Disclaimer
    2. 12.2 Documentation Support
      1. 12.2.1 Related Documentation
    3. 12.3 Trademarks
    4. 12.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
    5. 12.5 Glossary
  13. 13Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information

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9 Application and Implementation

NOTE

Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

9.1 Application Information

9.1.1 Design and Implementation

To expedite the process of designing of a LM27403-based regulator for a given application, please use the LM27403 Quick-start Design Tool available as a free download. As well as numerous LM27403 reference designs populated in TI Designs™ reference design library, five designs are provided in the Typical Applications section of this datasheet. The LM27403 is also WEBENCH® Designer enabled.

9.1.2 Power Train Components

Comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the power train components are key to successfully completing a buck regulator design. The LM27403 Design Tool and WEBENCH are available to assist the designer with selection of these components for a given application.

9.1.2.1 Filter Inductor

For most applications, choose an inductance such that the inductor ripple current, ΔIL, is between 20% and 40% of the maximum dc output current. Choose the inductance using Equation 10:

Equation 10. q_L_nvs896.gif

Check the inductor datasheet to ensure that the inductor's saturation current is well above the peak inductor current of a particular design. Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred at high switching frequencies, so design goals can then concentrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Low inductor core loss is evidenced by reduced no-load input current and higher light-load efficiency. However, ferrite core materials exhibit a hard saturation characteristic – the inductance collapses abruptly when the saturation current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current, higher output voltage ripple, not to mention reduced efficiency and compromised reliability. Note that an inductor's saturation current generally deceases as its core temperature increases. Of course, accurate overcurrent protection is key to avoiding inductor saturation.

9.1.2.2 Output Capacitors

Ordinarily, the regulator’s output capacitor energy store combined with the control loop response are prescribed to maintain the integrity of the output voltage within both the static and dynamic (transient) tolerance specifications. The usual boundaries restricting the output capacitor in power management applications are driven by finite available PCB area, component footprint and profile, and cost. The capacitor parasitics – equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL) – take increasing precedence in shaping the regulator’s load transient response as the output current ramp amplitude and slew rate increase.

So, the output capacitor, COUT, exists to filter the inductor ripple current and provide a reservoir of charge for step load transient events. Typically, ceramic capacitors provide extremely low ESR to reduce the output voltage ripple and noise spikes, while tantalum and electrolytic capacitors provide a large bulk capacitance in a relatively compact footprint for transient loading events.

Based on the static specification of peak-to-peak output voltage ripple denoted by ΔVO, choose an output capacitance that is larger than

Equation 11. q_Co_nvs896.gif

Figure 38 conceptually illustrates the relevant current waveforms during both load step-up and step-down transitions. As shown, the large-signal slew rate of the inductor current is limited as the inductor current ramps to match the new load-current level following a load transient. This slew-rate limiting exacerbates the deficit of charge in the output capacitor, which must be replenished as rapidly as possible during and after the load-on transient. Similarly, during and after a load-off transient, the slew rate limiting of the inductor current adds to the surplus of charge in the output capacitor that needs to be depleted as quickly as possible.

load_transient_nvs896.gifFigure 38. Load Transient Response Representation Showing COUT Charge Surplus Or Deficit.

In a typical regulator application of 12-V input to low output voltage (say 1.2 V), it should be recognized that the load-off transient represents worst-case. In that case, the steady-state duty cycle is approximately 10% and the large-signal inductor current slew rate when the duty cycle collapses to zero is approximately –VOUT/L. Compared to a load-on transient, the inductor current takes much longer to transition to the required level. The surplus of charge in the output capacitor causes the output voltage to significantly overshoot. In fact, to deplete this excess charge from the output capacitor as quickly as possible, the inductor current must ramp below its nominal level following the load step. In this scenario, a large output capacitance can be advantageously employed to absorb the excess charge and rein in the voltage overshoot.

To meet the dynamic specification of output voltage overshoot during such a load-off transient (denoted as ΔVovershoot with step reduction in output current given by ΔIo), the output capacitance should be larger than

Equation 12. q_Co_tran_nvs896.gif

The ESR of a capacitor is provided in the manufacturer’s datasheet either explicitly as a specification or implicitly in the impedance vs. frequency curve. Depending on type, size and construction, electrolytic capacitors have significant ESR, 5 mΩ and above, and relatively large ESL, 5 nH to 20 nH. PCB traces contribute some ESR and ESL as well. Ceramic output capacitors, on the other hand, are such that the impedances related to the ESR and ESL are small at the switching frequency, and the capacitive impedance dominates. However, depending on package and voltage rating of the ceramic capacitor, the effective capacitance can drop quite significantly with applied voltage and operating temperature.

Ignoring the ESR term in Equation 11 gives a quick estimation of the minimum ceramic capacitance necessary to meet the output ripple specification. One to four 100-µF, 6.3-V, X5R capacitors in 1206 or 1210 footprint is a common choice. Use Equation 12 to quantify if additional capacitance is necessary to meet the load-off transient overshoot specification.

A composite implementation of ceramic and electrolytic capacitors highlights the rationale of paralleling capacitors of dissimilar chemistries yet complementary performance. The frequency response of each capacitor is accretive in that each capacitor provides desirable performance over a certain portion of the frequency range of interest. While the ceramic provides excellent mid- and high-frequency decoupling characteristics with its low ESR and ESL to minimize the switching frequency output ripple, the electrolytic device with its large bulk capacitance provides low-frequency energy storage to cope with load-transient demands.

9.1.2.3 Input Capacitors

Input capacitors are necessary to limit the input ripple voltage while switching-frequency ac current to the buck power stage. It is generally recommended to use X5R or X7R dielectric ceramic capacitors, thus providing low impedance and high RMS current rating over a wide temperature range. To minimize the parasitic inductance in the switching loop, position the input capacitors as close as possible to the drain of the high-side MOSFET and the source of the low-side MOSFET.

The input capacitors' RMS current is given by Equation 13.

Equation 13. q_ICinrms_nvs896.gif

The highest requirement for input capacitor RMS current rating occurs at D = 0.5, at which point the RMS current rating should be greater than half the output current.

Ideally, the dc component of input current is provided by the input voltage source and the ac component by the input filter capacitors. Neglecting inductor ripple current, the input capacitors source current of amplitude Io−IIN during the D interval and sinks IIN during the 1−D interval. Thus, the input capacitors conduct a square-wave current of peak-to-peak amplitude equal to the output current. It follows that the resultant capacitive component of ac ripple voltage is a triangular waveform. Together with the ESR-related ripple component, the peak-to-peak ripple voltage amplitude is given by Equation 14.

Equation 14. q_Vinripple_nvs896.gif

The input capacitance required for a particular load current, based on an input voltage ripple specification of ΔVIN, is given by Equation 15.

Equation 15. q_Cin_nvs896.gif

Low ESR ceramic capacitors can be placed in parallel with higher valued bulk capacitance to provide optimized input filtering for the regulator and damping to mitigate the effects of input parasitic inductance resonating with high-Q ceramics. One bulk capacitor of sufficiently high current rating and one or two 10-μF 25-V X7R ceramic decoupling capacitors are usually sufficient. Select the input bulk capacitor based on its ripple current rating and operating temperature.

9.1.2.4 Power MOSFETs

The choice of MOSFET has significant impact on DC-DC regulator performance. A MOSFET with low on-state resistance, RDS(on), reduces conduction loss, whereas low parasitic capacitances enable faster transition times and reduced switching loss. Normally, the lower the RDS(on) of a MOSFET, the higher the gate charge, QG, and vice versa. As a result, the product RDS(on)*QG is commonly specified as a MOSFET figure-of-merit. Low thermal resistance ensures that the MOSFET power dissipation does not result in excessive MOSFET die temperature.

The main parameters affecting MOSFET selection in an LM27403 application are as follows:

  • RDS(on) at VGS = 4.5 V;
  • Drain-source voltage rating, BVDSS, typically 25 V or 30 V;
  • Gate charge parameters at VGS = 4.5 V;
  • Body diode reverse recovery charge, QRR;
  • Gate threshold voltage, VGS(th), derived from the plateau in the QG vs. VGS curve in the MOSFET's datasheet. VGS(th) should be in the range 2 V to 3 V such that the MOSFET is adequately enhanced when on and margin against Cdv/dt shoot-through exists when off.

The MOSFET-related power losses are summarized by the equations presented in Table 2. While the influence of inductor ripple current is considered, second-order loss modes, such as those related to parasitic inductances, are not discussed. Consult the LM27403 Quick-start Design Tool to assist with power loss calculations.

Table 2. Buck Regulator MOSFET Power Losses

Power Loss Mode High-Side MOSFET Low-Side MOSFET
Conduction (2) q_Qh_condloss_nvs896.gif q_Ql_condloss_nvs896.gif(3)
Switching q_Psw_nvs896.gif Negligible
Gate Drive(1) q_Qh_Qg_nvs896.gif q_Ql_Qg_nvs896.gif
Body Diode Conduction N/A q_Pbody_nvs896.gif
Body Diode Reverse Recovery q_Prr_nvs896.gif
(1) Gate drive loss is not dissipated in the MOSFET but rather in the LM27403's integrated drivers.
(2) MOSFET RDS(on) has a positive temperature coefficient of approximately 4000 ppm/°C. The MOSFET junction temperature, TJ, and its rise over ambient temperature is dependent upon the device total power dissipation and its thermal impedance.
(3) D' = 1–D is the duty cycle complement.

The high-side (control) MOSFET carries the inductor current during the PWM on time (or D interval) and typically incurs most of the switching losses. It is therefore imperative to choose a high-side MOSFET that balances conduction and switching loss contributions. The total power dissipation in the high-side MOSFET is the sum of the losses due to conduction, switching and typically two-thirds of the net loss attributed to body diode reverse recovery.

The low-side (synchronous) MOSFET carries the inductor current when the high-side MOSFET is off (or 1–D interval). The low-side MOSFET switching loss is negligible as it is switched at zero voltage – current just commutates from the channel to the body diode or vice versa during the deadtime. The LM27403, with its adaptive gate drive timing, minimizes body diode conduction losses when both MOSFETs are off. Such losses scale directly with switching frequency.

In high input voltage and low output voltage applications, the low-side MOSFET carries the current for a large portion of the switching period. Therefore, to attain high efficiency, it is critical to optimize the low-side MOSFET for low RDS(on). In cases where the conduction loss is too high or the target RDS(on) is lower than available in a single MOSFET, connect two low-side MOSFETs in parallel. The total power dissipation of the low-side MOSFET is the sum of the losses due to channel conduction, body diode conduction, and typically one-third of the net loss attributed to body diode reverse recovery.

The LM27403 is well matched to TI's comprehensive portfolio of 25-V and 30-V NexFET™ family of power MOSFETs. In fact, the LM27403 is ideally suited to driving the Power Block NexFET™ modules with integrated high-side and low-side MOSFETs. Excellent efficiency is obtained by virtue of reduced parasitics and exemplary thermal performance of the Power Block MOSFET implementation. See the Typical Applications section for more details.

9.1.3 Control Loop Compensation

The poles and zeros inherent to the power stage and compensator are respectively illustrated by red and blue dashed rings in the schematic embedded in Table 3.

The compensation network typically employed with voltage-mode control is a type-III circuit with three poles and two zeros. One compensator pole is located at the origin to realize high DC gain. The normal compensation strategy then is to use two compensator zeros to counteract the LC double pole, one compensator pole located to nullify the output capacitor ESR zero, with the remaining compensator pole located at one-half switching frequency to attenuate high frequency noise. Finally, a resistor divider network to FB determines the desired output voltage. Note that the lower feedback resistor, RFB2, has no impact on the control loop from an ac standpoint since the FB node is the input to an error amplifier and is effectively at ac ground. Hence, the control loop is designed irrespective of output voltage level. The proviso here is the necessary output capacitance derating with bias voltage and temperature.

Table 3. Regulator Poles and Zeros

comp_network_nvs896.gif
Power Stage Poles Power Stage Zeros Compensator Poles Compensator Zeros
q_omega_nvs896.gif q_omegaESR_nvs896.gif(1) q_p1_nvs896.gif q_z1_nvs896.gif
q_omegaL_nvs896.gif(2) q_p2_nvs896.gif q_z2_nvs896.gif
(1) RESR represents the ESR of output capacitor Co.
(2) RDAMP = D*RDS(on)high-side + (1–D)*RDS(on)low-side + Rdcr, shown as a lumped element in the schematic, represents the effective series damping resistance.

The small-signal open-loop response of a buck regulator is the product of modulator, power train and compensator transfer functions. The power stage transfer function can be represented as a complex pole pair associated with the output LC filter and a zero related to the output capacitor's ESR. The dc (and low frequency) gain of the modulator and power stage is VIN/VRAMP. Representing the gain from COMP to the average voltage at the input of the LC filter, this is held essentially constant by the LM27403's PWM line feedforward feature at 9 V/V or 19 dB.

Complete expressions for small-signal frequency analysis are presented in Table 4. The transfer functions are denoted in normalized form. While the loop gain is of primary importance, a regulator is not specified directly by its loop gain but by its performance related characteristics, namely closed-loop output impedance and audio susceptibility.

Table 4. Buck Regulator Small-Signal Analysis

PARAMETER EXPRESSION
Open-loop transfer function q_Tv_nvs896.gif
Duty-cycle-to-output transfer function q_Gvd_nvs896.gif
Compensator transfer function(1) q_Gc_nvs896.gif
Modulator transfer function q_Fm_nvs896.gif
(1) Kmid = RC1/RFB1 is the compensator's mid-band gain. By expressing one of the compensator zeros in inverted zero format, the mid-band gain is denoted explicitly.

An illustration of the open-loop response gain and phase is given in Figure 39. The poles and zeros of the system are marked with x and o symbols, respectively, and a + symbol indicates the crossover frequency. When plotted on a log (dB) scale, the open-loop gain is effectively the sum of the individual gain components from the modulator, power stage and compensator – this is clear from Figure 40. The open-loop response of the system is measured experimentally by breaking the loop, injecting a variable-frequency oscillator signal and recording the ensuing frequency response using a network analyzer setup.

bodeplot_nvs896.gifFigure 39. Typical Buck Regulator Loop Gain and Phase With Voltage-Mode Control

If the pole located at ωp1 cancels the zero located at ωESR and the pole at ωp2 is located well above crossover, the expression for the loop gain, Tv(s) in Table 4, can be manipulated to yield the simplified expression given in Equation 16.

Equation 16. q_Tv_simplified_nvs896.gif

Essentially, a multi-order system is reduced to a single order approximation by judicious choice of compensator components. A simple solution for the crossover frequency, denoted as fc in Figure 39, with type-III voltage-mode control is derived as in Equation 17.

Equation 17. q_fc_nvs896.gif
gain_components_nvs896.gifFigure 40. Buck Regulator Constituent Gain Components

The loop crossover frequency is usually selected between one-tenth to one-fifth of switching frequency. Inserting an appropriate crossover frequency into Equation 17 gives a target for the compensator's mid-band gain, Kmid. Given an initial value for RFB1, RFB2 is then selected based on the desired output voltage. Values for RC1, RC2, CC1, CC2 and CC3 are calculated from the design-oriented expressions listed in Table 5, with the premise that the compensator poles and zeros are set as follows: ωz1 = 0.5ωo, ωz2 = ωo, ωp1 = ωESR, ωp2 = ωsw/2.

Table 5. Compensation Component Selection

RESISTORS CAPACITORS
q_Rfb2_nvs896.gif q_Cc1_nvs896.gif
q_Rc1_nvs896.gif q_Cc2_nvs896.gif
q_Rc2_nvs896.gif q_Cc3_nvs896.gif

Referring to the bode plot in Figure 39, the phase margin, indicated as φM, is the difference between the loop phase and –180° at crossover. A target of 50° to 70° for this parameter is considered ideal. Additional phase boost is dialed in by locating the compensator zeros at a frequency lower than the LC double pole (hence why CC1 is scaled by a factor of 2 above). This helps to mitigate the phase dip associated with the LC filter, particularly at light loads when the Q-factor is higher and the phase dip becomes especially prominent. The ramification of low phase in the frequency domain is an under-damped transient response in the time domain.

The power supply designer now has all the tools at his/her disposal to optimally position the loop crossover frequency while maintaining adequate phase margin over the power supply's required line, load and temperature operating ranges.

9.2 Typical Applications

9.2.1 Design 1 - High-Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator for Telecom Power

Example_circuit1_nvs896.gifFigure 41. Application Circuit 1 with VIN = 6.5 V to 20 V (VIN(nom) = 12 V), VOUT = 0.6 V to 5.3 V, IOUT(max) = 25 A, FSW = 300 kHz (Using External Synchronization Signal)

9.2.1.1 Design Requirements

The schematic diagram of a 25-A regulator is given in Figure 41. In this example, the target full-load efficiencies are 91% and 97% at 1.2-V and 5.3-V output voltages, respectively, based on a nominal input voltage of 12 V that ranges from 6.5 V to 20 V. Output voltage is adjusted simply by changing RFB2. The switching frequency is set by means of a synchronization signal at 300 kHz, and free-running switching frequency (in the event that the synchronization signal is removed) is set to 250 kHz by resistor RFADJ. In terms of control loop performance, the target loop crossover frequency is 45 kHz with a phase margin in excess of 50°. The output voltage soft-start time is 8 ms.

9.2.1.2 Detailed Design Procedure

The design procedure for an LM27403-based converter for a given application is streamlined by using the LM27403 Quick-Start Design Tool available as a free download, or by availing of TI's WEBENCH® Designer online software. Such tools are complemented by the availability of two LM27403 evaluation module (EVM) designs as well as numerous LM27403 reference designs populated in TI Designs™ reference design library.

The current limit setpoint in this design is set at 28.5 A, based on resistor RISET and the inductor DCR (1.1 mΩ typ at 25°C). Of course, the current limit setpoint should always be selected such that the operating current level does not exceed the saturation current specification of the chosen inductor. The component values for the DCR sense network (RS and CS in Figure 41) are chosen based on making the RSCS product approximately equal to L/Rdcr, as recommended in the Current Sensing: CS+ and CS– section.

The selected buck converter powertrain components are cited in Table 6, and many of the components are available from multiple vendors. The MOSFETs in particular are chosen for both lowest conduction and switching power loss, as discussed in detail in the Power MOSFETs section.

Table 6. List of Materials for Design 1

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR QTY SPECIFICATION MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER
CIN 3 22 µF, 25 V, X7R, 1210 ceramic Kemet C1210C226M3RACTU
Taiyo Yuden TMK325B7226MM-TR
Murata GRM32ER71E226KE15L
COUT 4 47 µF, 10 V, X7R, 1210 ceramic Taiyo Yuden LMK325B7476MM-TR
Murata GRM32ER71A476KE15L
CBULK 1 330 µF, 6.3 V, 9 mΩ, D3L POSCAP Sanyo 6TPF330M9L
L1 1 1.0 µH, 30 A, 1.1 mΩ ±10%, ferrite Delta HMP1360-1R0-63
Q1 1 25 V, high-side MOSFET Infineon BSC032NE2LS
Texas Instruments CSD16322Q5
Q2 1 25 V, low-side MOSFET Infineon BSC010NE2LS
Texas Instruments CSD16415Q5

9.2.1.3 Application Curves

C001_snvu233.pngFigure 42. Efficiency vs. Output Current at VIN = 12 V
loadtransient1.2V.gifFigure 44. Load Transient Response at VOUT = 1.2 V, IOUT 0A to 10A at 2A/µs
C006_snvu233.pngFigure 43. Efficiency vs. Output Current at VOUT = 1.2 V
VinStartup1.2V16A.gifFigure 45. Startup Characteristic with VIN stepped from 0 V to 12 V, VOUT = 1.2 V, 70-mΩ Load

9.2.2 Design 2 - Powering FPGAs Using Flexible 30A Regulator With Small Footprint

Example_circuit3_nvs896.gifFigure 46. Application Circuit 2 With VIN = 4.5 V to 15 V (VIN(nom) = 12 V), VOUT = 1.8 V, IOUT(max) = 30 A, FSW = 600 kHz

9.2.2.1 Design Requirements

The schematic diagram of a 600-kHz, 30-A regulator is given in Figure 46. The powertrain components are listed in Table 7.

Table 7. List of Materials for Design 2

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR QTY SPECIFICATION MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER
CIN 3 10 µF, 25 V, X5R, 0805 ceramic Taiyo Yuden TMK212BBJ106KG-T
Murata GRM21BR61E106KA73L
TDK C2012X5R1E106M
COUT 1 100 µF, 6.3 V, X5R, 1206 ceramic Taiyo Yuden JMK316BJ107ML-T
Murarta GRM31CR60J107ME39L
TDK C3216X5R0J107M
Kemet C1206C107M9PACTU
L1 1 300 nH, ferrite 35 A, 0.29 mΩ ±8% Coiltronics FP1107R1-R30-R
34 A, 0.29 mΩ ±7% Cyntec PCDC1107-R30EMO
270 nH, ferrite 37 A, 0.24 mΩ ±5% Coilcraft SLC1175-271MEC
250 nH, ferrite 44 A, 0.37 mΩ ±7% Wurth 744308025
Q1 1 30 V Power Block Q5D MOSFET Module, 5 mm x 6 mm Texas Instruments CSD87350Q5D

9.2.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure

A high power density, high efficiency solution is feasible by using TI NexFET™ Power Block module CSD87350Q5D (dual asymmetric MOSFETs in a SON 5-mm x 6-mm package) together with and low-DCR ferrite inductor and all-ceramic capacitor design. The design occupies 20 mm x 15 mm on a single-sided PCB. Knowing the cumulative resistance of the inductor DCR and Power Block MOSFET SW clip (approximately 1 mΩ at 25°C), resistor RISET positions the current limit setpoint at 28A. The output voltage is adjusted by choosing the resistance of RFB2 appropriately. Resistors RTRK1 and RTRK2 connected to the SS/TRACK pin define a coincidental tracking startup sequence from a master power supply, VTRACK.

Additional input and/or output capacitance can be added if needed, but adjust the compensation if COUT changes. The TGR pin of the Power Block MOSFET serves as a kelvin connection to the source of the high-side MOSFET and represents the return path for the high-side gate drive. Along with bootstrap capacitor, CBOOT, TGR is connected to the LM27403's SW pin.

9.2.2.3 Application Curves

C008_snvu330.pngFigure 47. Efficiency vs. Output Current at VIN = 12 V

9.2.3 Design 3 - Powering Multicore DSPs

Example_circuit2_nvs896.gifFigure 48. Application Circuit 3 with VIN = 3 V to 20 V, VOUT = 0.9 V to 1.1 V, IOUT(max) = 15 A, FSW = 450 kHz

The schematic diagram of a 450-kHz, 12-V nominal input, 15-A regulator powering a KeyStone™ DSP is given in Figure 48. The important components are listed in Table 8. The regulator output current requirements are dependent upon the baseline and activity power consumptions of the DSP in a real-use case. While baseline power is highly dependent on voltage, temperature and DSP frequency, activity power relates to dynamic core utilization, DDR3 memory access, peripherals, and so on. To this end, the IDAC_OUT pin of the LM10011 connects to the LM27403 FB pin to allow continuous optimization of the core voltage. The SmartReflex-enabled DSP provides 6-bit information using the VCNTL open-drain IOs(1) to command the output voltage setpoint with 6.4-mV step resolution. This design uses a TI NexFET™ Power Block module CSD87330Q3D (dual asymmetric MOSFETs in SON 3.3-mm x 3.3-mm package) together with low-DCR, metal-powder inductor and composite ceramic–polymer electrolytic output capacitor implementation.

Table 8. List of Materials for Design 3

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR QTY SPECIFICATION MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER
CIN 1 22 µF, 25 V, X5R, 1210 ceramic Taiyo Yuden TMK325BJ226MM-T
CBYPASS 5 10 µF, 4 V, X5R, 0402 ceramic Taiyo Yuden AMK105BJ106MV-F
CBULK 1 270 µF, 2 V, 6 mΩ, 3.2 Arms, 3.5 mm x 2.8 mm, POSCAP Panasonic 2TPSF270M6E
L1 1 0.42 µH, 22 A, 1.55 mΩ ±7%, molded, 6.9 mm x 6.6 mm Cyntec PIME064T-R42MS1R557
Q1 1 30 V Power Block Q3D MOSFET Module, 3.3 mm x 3.3 mm Texas Instruments CSD87330Q3D
QT 1 2N3904 type NPN transistor, 40 V, 0.2 A, SOT-523 Diodes, Inc. MMBT3904T
U2 1 6- or 4-bit VID Programmable Current DAC, WSON-10 Texas Instruments LM10011SD
U3 1 KeyStone™ DSP Texas Instruments TMS320C667x
(1) See TI Application Report entitled Hardware Design Guide for Keystone I DevicesSPRAB12 for further detail.

9.2.4 Design 4 - Regulated 12-V Rail with LDO Low-Noise Auxiliary Output for RF Power

Example_circuit4_nvs896.gifFigure 49. Application Circuit 4 with VIN = 13 V to 20 V (VIN(nom) = 18 V), VOUT1 = 12 V, IOUT1(max) = 10 A, FSW = 280 kHz, VOUT2 = 10 V, IOUT2(max) = 0.8 A

The schematic diagram of a 280-kHz, 12-V output, 10-A buck regulator for RF power applications is given in Figure 49(1). A 10-Ω resistor in series with CBOOT is used to slow the turn-on transition of the high-side MOSFET, reducing the spike amplitude and ringing of the SW node waveform and minimizing the possibility of Cdv/dt-induced shoot-through of the low-side MOSFET. If needed, place an RC snubber (for example, 2.2 Ω and 1 nF) close to the SW node and GND(2). An auxiliary 10-V, 800-mA rail to power noise-sensitive circuits is available using the LP38798 ultra-low noise LDO as a post-regulator. The internal pullup of the LP38798's EN pin facilitates direct connection to the LM27403's PGOOD for sequential startup control.

Table 9. List of Materials for Design 4

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR QTY SPECIFICATION MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER
CIN 3 22 µF, 25 V, X5R, 1210 ceramic Taiyo Yuden TMK325BJ226MM-T
CBYP 1 22 µF, 16 V, X7R, 1210 ceramic Taiyo Yuden EMK325B7226MM-T
CBULK 1 180 µF, 16 V, 22 mΩ, 3.3 Arms, C6, OSCON Panasonic 16SVPF180M
L1 1 4.7 µH, 15 A, 7 mΩ, flat wire high current Wurth 7443551470
Q1 1 30 V, high-side MOSFET Texas Instruments CSD17309Q3
Q2 1 30 V, low-side MOSFET Infineon BSC011NE3LS
U2 1 Ultra-Low Noise, High PSRR LDO for RF/Analog Circuits, 4-mm x 4-mm WSON-12 Texas Instruments LP38798SD-ADJ
(1) These design examples are provided to showcase the LM27403 in numerous applications. Depending on the impedance of the input bus, an electrolytic capacitor may be required at the input to ensure stability.
(2) Kam, K. W. and others, "EMI Analysis Methods for Synchronous Buck Converter EMI Root Cause Analysis," IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2008.

9.2.5 Design 5 - High Power Density Implementation From 3.3-V or 5-V Supply Rail

Example_circuit5_nvs896.gifFigure 50. Application Circuit 5 With VIN = 3.3 V to 5.5 V, VOUT = 1 V, IOUT(max) = 25 A, FSW = 250 kHz

The schematic diagram of a 250-kHz, 25-A regulator is given in Figure 50. A high power density, ultra-high efficiency solution is possible using two paralleled TI CSD87353Q5D NexFET™ Power Block modules (dual MOSFETs in a SON 5-mm x 6-mm package) and low-DCR ferrite inductor. The design occupies 25 mm x 15 mm on a two-sided PCB. Knowing the cumulative resistance of the inductor DCR and Power Block MOSFET SW clip (approximately 0.8 mΩ at 25°C), resistor RISET positions the current limit setpoint at 30A. VDD is tied to VIN to maximize the gate drive voltage for the MOSFETs. Capacitor CDLY defines a 3-ms startup delay based on the current sourced from the UVLO/EN pin.

The powertrain components are listed in Table 10, and the filter components are available from multiple vendors. The TGR pin of the Power Block MOSFET serves as a kelvin connection to the source of the high-side MOSFET and represents the return path for the high-side gate drive. Along with bootstrap capacitor, CBOOT, TGR is connected to the LM27403's SW pin.

Table 10. List of Materials for Design 5

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR QTY SPECIFICATION MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER
CIN 3 100 µF, 6.3 V, X5R, 1210 ceramic Kemet C1210C107M9PACTU
TDK C3225X5R0J107M
Murata GRM32ER60J107ME20K
COUT 4 100 µF, 6.3 V, X5R, 1206 ceramic Taiyo Yuden JMK316BJ107ML-T
Murarta GRM31CR60J107ME39L
TDK C3216X5R0J107M
Kemet C1206C107M9PACTU
L1 1 300 nH, ferrite 35 A, 0.29 mΩ ±8% Coiltronics FP1107R1-R30-R
330 nH, ferrite 46 A, 0.32 mΩ ±7% Wurth Electronik 744301033
Q1 2 30 V Power Block Q5D MOSFET Module, 5 mm x 6 mm Texas Instruments CSD87353Q5D